Shims Heat Treatment

How Heat Treatment Makes or Breaks Shim Performance

The quality of a shim depends heavily on one often overlooked factor – proper heat treatment. This factor sets exceptional precision components apart from average ones. Our experience shows that even the most precisely made shims can fail early when they don’t get the right thermal processing. Heat treatment changes the metal shim’s microstructure and alters its mechanical properties. These changes directly affect how long the shim will last and how well it works.

Most engineers don’t realize how complex heat treatment really is when they choose shims for important jobs. The difference between good and bad heat treatment could mean either years of reliable service or complete equipment failure. We’ve watched automotive and aerospace manufacturers struggle with unexpected problems. Their shims become distorted, brittle, or dimensionally unstable. The right thermal processing could have prevented these issues.

The connection between material choice and heat treatment results adds another challenge to master for the best shim performance. Each alloy reacts differently to various heat treatment methods. You need special knowledge to figure out the best temperature profiles, cooling rates, and atmospheric conditions. Our decades of work in precision component manufacturing have helped us develop complete approaches to handle these variables systematically.

Bad heat treatment leads to more than just immediate part failure. Poorly performing shims create a domino effect throughout mechanical systems. This often leads to early wear of nearby parts, more maintenance needs, and surprise downtimes. Good heat-treated shims keep their shape under load. The bad ones slowly deform and create misalignment that gets worse over time.

This piece will teach you about the science behind heat treatment for shims. You’ll learn how different processes affect material properties, performance, and service life. We’ll share practical lessons from years of manufacturing experience and give you applicable information to help your shim specifications deliver excellent performance. Whether you design aerospace systems needing ultimate precision or automotive parts that must handle extreme conditions, knowing these heat treatment basics will boost your engineering results by a lot.

Understanding Shim Materials and Their Role

Material selection forms the foundation of good shim design well before any heat treatment begins. Different metals’ natural properties shape a shim’s original features and how it reacts to thermal processing. You need to understand these materials and how they react to heat treatment to make shims that stay stable under tough conditions.

Common materials used in shim manufacturing

Modern shim production uses many materials to match their varied uses. Carbon steel stands out as a popular choice for heavy machinery and die setups because it handles heat treatment well and offers high strength. Stainless steel, grades 304 and 316, are great options when you need corrosion resistance. Grade 304 contains about 18% chromium and 8-10% nickel. This combination fights oxidation well and stays strong even at very low temperatures. Grade 304 stainless steel can reach tensile strength up to 1,275 MPa (185 ksi) when supplied in full-hard condition.

Grade 316 stainless steel works best for marine settings or places with chlorides because it contains molybdenum. This addition helps prevent pitting and crevice corrosion. Tool steel becomes very hard and resists wear, making it perfect for punch and die alignment.

Non-ferrous metals also play key roles in special shim applications. Brass shims resist corrosion well in marine environments because salt water doesn’t damage them. Copper shims work great in electrical and thermal uses thanks to their excellent conductivity. Manufacturers usually make them from C110 alloy (99.9% pure). Titanium shims offer the perfect mix of strength and light weight, plus they resist corrosion exceptionally well – ideal for aerospace and defense uses.

Spring steel’s superior yield strength makes it work well in dynamic systems with vibration. Alloy steel provides a good balance of strength and flexibility that suits automotive and industrial parts.

Why material selection matters for heat treatment shims

The way materials react to heat treatment shapes manufacturing decisions for shims. Each material needs specific methods to get the right properties. Heat treatment changes metal shims’ microstructure, so their mechanical properties change too – including hardness, strength, wear resistance, and stability.

Heat treatment methods affect materials in different ways. Hardening makes the surface and core stronger but might make them brittle if not done right. Tempering reduces brittleness while keeping good strength. Annealing makes the material more flexible and easier to machine but might reduce hardness. Normalizing helps make the material’s structure more even throughout.

Your choice of shim material determines which heat treatment will work best. Carbon steel takes well to regular hardening and tempering. Stainless steel needs special atmosphere control during heat treatment to keep its chromium. Tool steel must have exact temperature control during austenitizing to get very hard without too much internal stress.

Through hardened shims get heat treatment that boosts hardness, tensile and yield strength all the way through, which makes them stronger overall. Case hardened shims have harder surfaces than cores, so they resist wear well outside but stay flexible inside to avoid breaking.

The right shim material comes from balancing several things: where it will work, how much load it must handle, what chemicals it touches, and temperature conditions. Material properties and heat treatment responses work together closely, so this choice determines how well shims will work throughout their life.

How Heat Treatment Alters Shim Properties

Heat treatment is a powerful tool that changes metal at the microscopic level during shim manufacturing. The internal structure of metal shims changes in ways that other manufacturing methods like raw material selection or machining processes can’t achieve.

Changes in microstructure during shim heat treatment

The real magic of heat treatment happens deep inside the metal, where crystal structures completely change shape. Steel shims heated above their critical temperature see their body-centered cubic (BCC) structure turn into face-centered cubic (FCC) structure, which we call austenite. This change makes the metal easier to work with by boosting its ductility. The structure usually goes back to BCC as it cools, but keeps important changes locked in.

The way metal cools determines its final structure. Quick cooling (quenching) creates martensitic structures that are super hard but might break easily. Metal that cools slower forms pearlite or ferrite phases with different properties. Scientists looking at heat-treated samples found that higher temperatures help create tempered martensite, which makes the structure more stable.

Different cooling methods create different patterns of change in the metal’s structure. Quenching turns austenite into martensite fast, which makes the metal hard and resistant to wear. But getting a completely martensitic structure rarely happens because other things like undissolved cementite and retained austenite stick around.

Impact of heat treatment on shim hardness & ductility

The way heat treatment changes hardness and ductility makes it valuable for shim performance. Research shows that the right heat treatment can make components 73.5% harder than untreated ones. This big improvement helps shims handle heavier loads and stay in shape under pressure.

But there’s a trade-off between hardness and ductility. Quenching makes metal the hardest it can be, but it becomes more likely to break. That’s why manufacturers often use tempering – they reheat the quenched metal to a lower temperature to get back some flexibility while keeping it hard enough.

Each heat treatment affects these properties differently. Quenching boosts hardness through martensitic transformation, and tempering reduces internal stress that could make the metal fail too soon. One study found heat treatment made different parts harder – the substrate by 65.6%, the interface by 48.5%, and deposited regions by 36.6%.

Thermal expansion & contraction effects in heat treated shims

Managing size changes might be the trickiest part of heat treating shims. It seems simple, but nobody can predict exactly how much the metal will change size during treatment. Too many things affect it – material grade, starting structure, stress levels, and specific treatment settings all play a role.

Steel expands after it goes through austenizing and martensitic transformation. More carbon means more expansion, and retained austenite changes things too. Precision shim makers need careful process control to deal with these size changes.

Metal changes shape permanently because different parts heat up and cool down at different rates. These changes balance out – if something shrinks one way, it usually grows another way. Manufacturers often leave extra material on shims that need exact measurements so they can machine them one last time after heat treatment.

Managing heat’s effects includes dealing with leftover stress. Heat treatment, especially annealing, reduces internal stress that could twist the metal or make it break early. The process lines up the material’s structure and gets rid of stress, which helps shims keep their shape and handle long-term loads better.

Temperature needs to stay even and consistent throughout the whole process to make shims that perform reliably. Uneven heating or cooling can twist shims in unexpected ways, making them useless for their intended job.

The Heat Treatment Process for Shims Explained

A carefully executed heat treatment process that follows specific scientific principles creates high-performance shims. Heat treatment changes metals’ physical and mechanical properties by controlled heating and cooling without altering their shape. This process improves hardness, strength, toughness, and resistance to wear and tear. Three key stages shape the metal’s final properties – heating, soaking, and cooling.

Austenitizing and quenching basics

Austenitizing is the first critical step in heat-treating steel shims. The metal heats above its transformation line at temperatures between 400°C (752°F) and 800°C (1472°F) for various grades of carbon, alloy and tool steels. The steel’s body-centered cubic lattice structure changes completely into face-centered cubic austenite at these temperatures. Carbon from the breaking down cementite dissolves fully in the austenite lattice during this transformation.

The heated metal undergoes quenching after austenitizing to trap the dissolved carbon. Quick cooling prevents carbon atoms from escaping the lattice structure and locks them within the forming ferrite lattice. This forced process expands the body-centered cubic elementary cells of the ferrite structure tetragonally and creates a new microstructure called martensite. The final properties depend substantially on the quenching medium – water, oil, polymer solutions, or brine. Carbon steels work best with water quenching’s rapid cooling, while alloy steels need slower oil mixtures to avoid cracking or warping.

Tempering and stress relief in shim heat treatment

Shims become extremely hard but dangerously brittle right after quenching. Tempering fixes this issue by reheating the quenched shim to moderate temperatures between 400°F to 1100°F (204°C to 593°C). Carbon atoms partially escape from the tetragonal martensite during tempering and reduce lattice distortion. The shim’s hardness and strength decrease slightly but gain substantial toughness.

Stress relief is a vital post-machining treatment for precision shims with tight dimensional tolerances. This process reduces residual stresses in the metal structure and minimizes dimensional changes during manufacturing or final use. Steel parts typically undergo stress relieving at temperatures between 550°C and 650°C for one to two hours. Components cool down slowly in the furnace or air afterward. Larger shims need slow cooling to prevent tensions from temperature differences in the material.

Controlled atmosphere vs. vacuum treatment

The treatment environment plays a crucial role in determining surface quality and overall properties. Controlled atmosphere furnaces protect materials from oxygen and moisture using nitrogen, argon, or other carrier gasses. This protection helps maintain better surface characteristics throughout heating.

Vacuum heat treatment offers an integrated approach that removes most air and reactive elements from the environment. These furnaces work with high thermal efficiency and achieve faster heating and cooling without oxidation or decarburization. They clean phosphorus chips from workpiece surfaces while offering degreasing and degassing benefits. Shims treated this way show surface brightness and exceptional purity.

Vacuum treatment produces superior results for highly reactive materials or applications needing pristine surface conditions. These furnaces can perform all standard processes – quenching, annealing, tempering, carburizing, nitriding – while maintaining excellent surface quality. Aerospace and precision applications benefit from this approach since even tiny surface imperfections could affect performance.

Key Heat Treatment Methods Used for Shims

The right heat treatment method can make a big difference in how shims perform under tough conditions. Different techniques work better for various shim materials and performance needs. Manufacturers can control hardness, wear resistance, and size stability by choosing the best method.

Induction hardening

Induction hardening changes shim surface properties through electromagnetic processes. This method uses high-frequency electricity to heat the shim surface faster than its core, pushing temperatures above the transformation point. The result is a thin, hardened outer layer that resists wear well, while the inside stays tough and flexible to avoid breaking under pressure.

Shims treated this way keep their shape better because they spend less time exposed to heat. The process makes shims much stronger against repeated stress – which is crucial for car and aircraft parts that face constant pressure cycles. On top of that, it helps reduce friction and fights off corrosion, so shims last longer in harsh conditions.

Vacuum heat treatment

Vacuum heat treatment works in a controlled space with very low pressure, usually at medium vacuum (10^2–10^-1 Pa) or high vacuum (10^-1–10^-5 Pa) levels. This method keeps shim surfaces from oxidizing, which helps them stay bright and clean. Precision shims with strict size requirements benefit because there’s no oxide layer to remove, which leads to better accuracy.

This approach gives excellent control over the treatment environment and stops unwanted chemical reactions between the metal and surrounding air. The vacuum prevents decarburization by keeping carbon in the metal from reacting with oxygen. It also cleans and degasses the shims by removing organic materials from their surfaces.

Oil and gas quenching

Oil quenching works well for shims that need reliable mechanical properties and predictable shape changes. This technique controls heat transfer during cooling and helps the steel wet better, which reduces unwanted temperature and transformation differences. These features help avoid warping and cracking – vital concerns for precision shims.

Oil works better than water because it boils at higher temperatures, typically between 450°F (230°C) and 900°F (480°C). The slower cooling stage starts earlier at these temperatures, which helps release transformation stress more effectively. Heat transfer rates in oil quenching range from 1000 to 2500 W/m²·K, depending on the oil type and movement.

Cryogenic shim heat treatment

Cryogenic treatment takes shims down to very low temperatures, usually around -300°F (-184°C). This advanced method creates denser, more even grain patterns that spread heat better throughout the shim. Shims end up stronger, last longer, and resist fatigue better – all crucial for high-performance applications.

The process creates three main changes in heat-treated steel shims. It turns leftover austenite into martensite, making a more consistent crystal structure with fewer gaps. Carbon gets distributed better through eta-carbide formation, filling tiny spaces where alloying carbon missed. The treatment also relieves stress left over from casting, machining, and other manufacturing steps.

These specialized heat treatment methods let manufacturers fine-tune shim properties. They can create parts that work perfectly for specific uses, from aerospace and automotive to industrial machinery.

Common Heat Treatment Challenges in Shim Production

Manufacturing high-performance shims faces several technical challenges despite perfect material selection and careful heat treatment methods. Heat treaters need practical process design and troubleshooting methods to deal with quality, cost and production time requirements. The gap between theory and practice becomes clear during ground thermal processing of precision components like shims.

Distortion and warping

Functional shims must meet strict dimensional accuracy requirements. However, heat treatment naturally brings risks of distortion and warping. Uneven temperature gradients create internal stresses during heating and cooling cycles that cause unwanted shape changes. Medium carbon alloy steel shims can experience dimensional changes of about 0.125% during heat treatment and quenching.

Distortion happens due to more than just thermal expansion. Internal stresses distort the material when parts heat up rapidly and develop excessive temperature gradients. Parts can sag or creep in the furnace when overheating reduces their mechanical properties. Shims with non-uniform cross-sections show these effects more clearly.

Unbalanced stresses develop during quenching due to non-uniform cooling. Parts that have large section changes or asymmetric features tend to warp more than those with balanced and evenly distributed mass. Precision shim manufacturers develop specialized fixturing methods to keep dimensions stable throughout the thermal process.

Residual stress buildup

Manufacturers use stress relief processes like thermal stress relief (TSR) and vibratory stress relief (VSR) to control residual stress. Complete elimination of these internal forces remains impossible. Residual stresses can match or exceed the material’s yield strength. This creates major performance challenges for precision shims.

Uneven thermal expansion and contraction during heat treatment cause residual stresses. Thicker plates and constrained configurations face higher susceptibility. These stresses disrupt internal balance and work with external loads to make stress concentrations worse. Hidden forces can cause early fatigue failure in shims used for dynamic applications.

Research shows thermal-vibratory stress relief (TVSR) offers a promising solution. TVSR can remove over 90% of residual stress in titanium alloys and works 4.2 times faster than traditional thermal stress relief.

Surface decarburization

Surface decarburization poses a subtle yet serious challenge in shim heat treatment. Carbon atoms in steel move outward through the surface during high-temperature exposure. This reaction between carbon and atmospheric gasses starts around 700°C (1292°F).

Precision shims face particular problems from decarburization. The material becomes weaker at the surface where maximum strength is often needed as carbon content drops. Parts that experience extreme rotating or alternating forces can fail if decarburization occurs. The weakened surface layer shows reduced wear and corrosion resistance while affecting overall toughness.

Decarburization can change residual stresses from compression to tension. These effects go deeper than the visible decarburized layer. One case study showed interesting results. Models predicted axial and tangential stresses after quenching would be 160 MPa and 350 MPa in compression without decarburization. With decarburization, these stresses changed dramatically to 400 MPa and 250 MPa in tension. This means decarburization alone caused a 560 MPa change in axial residual surface stress.

How to Optimize Heat Treatment for Shim Performance

The quality and lifespan of shims depend on how well manufacturers control heat treatment parameters. Manufacturers can produce shims with perfect mechanical properties by fine-tuning essential variables. This approach helps them reduce defects and keep dimensional variations to a minimum.

Choosing the right temperature and time

Temperature selection plays a vital role in optimizing heat treatment for shims. Most standard tests use temperatures between 850°C and 950°C, with 925°C being the go-to choice for many industrial uses. The temperature needs strict control within ±5°C to get reliable results. Even small variations of 10-15°C can change carbon potential requirements by a lot. Higher austenitizing temperatures let more carbon dissolve in austenite but might cause too much grain growth, so finding the right balance is crucial.

Time parameters usually range from 20 minutes to 2 hours, based on sample thickness and equilibration needs. The atmosphere composition must stay stable during this time. Continuous furnaces need careful monitoring of temperature uniformity and gas flow rates, which typically run at 1-5 standard cubic feet per hour per cubic foot of furnace volume.

Using simulation tools for prediction

Heat treatment simulation software has changed how manufacturers make shims by letting them see results before actual production. SIMHEAT® shows complete information about temperature gradients from surface to core and spots where phase transformations happen. The software tracks how current frequency, coil geometry, and concentrator placement affect heat zones.

DANTE heat treatment simulation software combines thermal, carbon/nitrogen diffusion, and solid mechanics elements. This combination helps predict residual stress states, metallurgical phase development, hardness, and part distortion. The technology helps optimize heat treatment recipes faster than physical testing. One case study showed how simulation helped manufacturers change materials and processes for older products, cutting material costs by at least 25%.

Monitoring carbon potential and atmosphere

Carbon potential checks are essential for consistent shim performance. Steel sample testing offers the most direct measurement method. Manufacturers expose these samples to furnace conditions and then analyze their carbon content. The process seems simple, but factors like port design, test duration, sample cleanliness, and operator technique can cause major variations.

Oxygen probe sensors offer continuous verification by measuring oxygen partial pressure in furnace atmospheres. These measurements relate to carbon potential through thermodynamic relationships. The probes use zirconia electrolytes that create voltage based on oxygen concentration differences. Some manufacturers use infrared analyzers to measure CO and CO₂ levels, which help calculate carbon potential through equilibrium relationships.

Better atmosphere control comes from boost-diffuse cycles that switch between high and moderate carbon potentials. This method speeds up case formation and reduces carbide networks and distortion. Processing time drops by 20-30% with this approach. Adding small amounts of niobium or titanium helps control austenite grain size, which leads to more even carbon diffusion and makes the process more stable.

Testing and Validating Heat Treated Shims

Quality verification is a vital final step to verify that heat-treated shims meet strict performance requirements. My experience in shim manufacturing shows that proper testing methods make the difference between reliable components and field failures. You need a detailed testing approach to verify multiple properties that affect shim performance in real-life applications.

Hardness and tensile testing

Hardness testing is the life-blood of heat treatment validation for shims. The process starts right after heat treatment when shims go through hardness tests to measure wear resistance, strength, and material quality. The Rockwell method gives the most accurate results by applying pressure to the part’s clean surface and measuring the indentation depth. I usually use the Rockwell C (HRC) test for through-hardened shims. This test applies a 150 kgf load with a diamond indenter – perfect for springs, axles, and bearings.

The Brinell method works better for castings and forgings that have rougher surfaces or chemical variations. This method measures the indentation diameter instead of depth, which gives a better average hardness reading across the shim surface. Case-hardened shims with minimum effective case depths of 0.007 inches work best with the Rockwell 15N (HR15N) method.

Tensile testing helps us verify several key behaviors and mechanical properties, especially under high temperatures that match actual service conditions. Hot tensile testing lets me assess area reduction, ductility, elastic limit, elongation, and yield strength – everything a shim needs to work in tough environments.

Dimensional accuracy checks

Heat treatment changes shim dimensions, so we need careful dimensional checks afterward. Stainless steel shims vary in thickness based on how they’re made. Ground stock produces thinner shims (0.020″ and below) that are accurate within +/-.0005″. Thicker shims (0.025″ and above) from rolled stock can vary by a lot, sometimes more than +/- 0.005″ tolerance – nowhere near as precise as ground stock.

Experience taught me to verify thickness values regardless of stamps or etchings. A recent training class showed me a shim marked “No Mic Necessary” that measured 0.129″ instead of its labeled 0.127″. This might seem small, but three such shims under machinery would lift it 0.006″ too high. Such differences can cause soft foot conditions and mess up alignment processes and equipment accuracy.

Fatigue and stress testing

Fatigue testing shows us how well a heat-treated shim handles repeated loading cycles without failing. Aerospace shims need thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) testing to match what commercial aircraft experience throughout their service life. We combine thermal cycling (usually from -55°C to +132°C) with mechanical loading to verify performance in real-world conditions.

Strain compatibility testing for carbon-epoxy-aluminum joints helps ensure liquid shims stay intact after many load cycles at extreme temperatures. A detailed stress test looks at both thermal and mechanical aspects together because their combined effects often show performance limits that individual tests miss.

Real-World Applications of Heat Treated Shims

Heat-treated shims prove their worth when tested in demanding real-life environments. A failure here isn’t just inconvenient—it’s potentially catastrophic. My years of field application exploration have shown how properly heat-treated shims become crucial parts in systems where precision and reliability determine success.

Aerospace shim heat treatment performance under load

Liquid shims have become vital components in modern aircraft construction’s primary structures. To cite an instance, the center wing box in the Airbus A380 uses liquid shim in its monolithic composite structure. These specialized shims fit perfectly to tapered or variable-height gaps ranging from 0.127–0.762 mm. They excel in aerospace applications that need precise tolerances.

Aerospace-grade liquid shims must withstand extreme environmental conditions during an aircraft’s service life. Testing protocols put these components through simultaneous thermal and mechanical-fatigue loading. The process includes 200,000 fatigue load cycles at −59°C and 100,000 fatigue load cycles at +85°C. Studies show these liquid-shims maintain their mechanical stiffness without significant bearing-plane damage even after such rigorous testing.

Automotive shim heat treatment fatigue resistance

The automotive sector creates unique challenges for heat-treated shims, especially with engine assembly, transmission spacing, and suspension arrangement applications. These components must endure constant vibration, thermal cycling, and high-cycle operations. Manufacturers select heat-treated shim materials based on their fatigue resistance properties.

Custom heat-treated shims excel in automotive applications that need superior wear resistance and boosted load capacity without deformation. Spring steel shims, with their high yield strength, work exceptionally well in dynamic systems under continuous vibration.

Lessons from failure analysis

Manufacturing experiences are a great way to get lessons about optimizing heat treatment for shim performance. A manufacturer faced a major challenge with a large industrial order for tapered metal shims that needed short lead times. Traditional one-by-one machining would have taken six weeks or tied up multiple machines for days. They solved this by using a magnetic material holder with specialized cutting tools. This allowed simultaneous machining of 6-9 parts and dramatically reduced setup and run times.

Another manufacturer expanded operations to include in-house special processing for vertical integration. This eliminated outsourcing delays and cut lead times to as little as one day—crucial for serving maintenance-repair-overhaul markets. This approach passed cost savings directly to customers while maintaining quality control throughout the manufacturing process.

Shims Heat Treatment

Heat treatment makes the difference between exceptional shims and those that fail early. The critical manufacturing process changes how metal shims work at their core. When you heat-treat metal shims, their microstructure transforms and alters their mechanical properties. This affects how well they perform. You need specialized knowledge to pick the right materials and heat treatment methods because they work together closely.

The science of heat treatment shows amazing changes at microscopic levels. Processes like austenitizing, quenching, and tempering change how atoms sit in the metal lattice. This creates new mechanical properties. The benefits are clear: harder metal, better wear resistance, longer fatigue life, and improved stability under load.

Of course, challenges exist. You need careful process control to overcome issues like distortion, warping, stress buildup, and surface decarburization. Companies that handle these variables well gain an edge through better component performance and reliability.

We’ve found that different heat treatment methods offer unique benefits for specific shim applications. These include vacuum treatment, induction hardening, oil quenching, and cryogenic processing. Manufacturers should know these details to pick the right methods based on material properties and what’s needed.

Testing proves if heat-treated shims will work in real-life conditions. Hardness testing, size checks, and fatigue resistance tests give data that relates to field performance. Aerospace and automotive applications show that properly heat-treated shims handle extreme conditions while keeping critical measurements accurate.

Modern simulation tools now predict heat treatment results before production starts. This cuts development time and improves first-pass quality rates. Manufacturers utilize these tools to get the best temperature profiles, cooling rates, and atmospheric conditions for consistent results.

The future belongs to manufacturers who know heat treatment basics. Their shims will outperform others by staying stable under load, fighting wear, and lasting longer in tough environments. Those who skip proper heat treatment face risks: failed parts, misaligned systems, more maintenance, and surprise downtimes.

Heat treatment can make or break how shims perform. From aerospace systems needing perfect precision to automotive parts facing extreme conditions, proper thermal processing is key to engineering success. This piece helps you make smart choices about heat treatment specs. The result? Parts that deliver excellent performance throughout their service life.

Heat Treated Shims

Northern Industrial Manufacturing is the automotive market’s premier manufacturer of shims for electric motors. With a reputation for the closest tolerances, highest product quality, short lead times, process innovations, and technical prowess – we can meet your electric motor shim manufacturing needs, while exceeding your expectations and delivering your parts on time and on budget.

Heat Treated Shims Manufacturer: 586.468.2790